This simple electronic bicycle horn circuit uses only one gate of a 4093 quad 2-input NAND Schmitt trigger, U1, conected in a simple, low frequency, square-wave oscillator circuit.
The oscillator’s output, at pin 3, drives the gate of Q1. The drain of that FET drives a small horn speaker.
Potentiometer R1 can be adjusted to set the More >
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Electronic Bicycle Horn
This flashing brake light circuit can be used for motorcycles. When brake-light switch S1 is closed, power is applied to U1 and U2. Two inverters of U2, a 4049 hex inverting buffer, are connected in a low frequency oscillator that feeds clock pulses into U1, a 4017 decade counter/divider. Outputs 0, 2, 4, 6 and More >
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Flashing Brake Light for Motorcycles
Now you can charge your Mobile Phone from the USB outlet of PC. This simple circuit can give regulated 4.7 volts for charging the mobile phone. USB outlet can give 5 volts DC and 100 mA current which is sufficient for the slow charging of mobile phones.
Most of the Mobile Phone battery is rated 3.6 More >
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USB Mobile Charger
This simple fake car alarm or alarm decoy circuit device will simulate the presence of a burglar alarm in automobiles or homes. It has a few components, uses LM3909 and is easy to build. Mount R1 where daylight can fall on it. You may change the capacitor value for different flashing rates.
During darkness, LED1 flashes, More >
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Fake Car Alarm Circuit
Nokia 6100 Service Manual Overall Manual Contents:
Simple yet sophisticated, compact yet comfortable. Don’t let its size deceive you – the Nokia 6100 phone offers advanced mobile technology, providing you with uncompromising performance for both private and professional life. The Nokia 6100 is a popular mid-range Nokia mobile phone that was available from 2002 to 2005. More >
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Nokia 6100 Manual
Electricity as we know it is a secondary form of energy the most practical use by humans, in which electricity is produced from energy conversion processes of primary energy sources such as coal, petroleum, gas, geothermal, water and energy potential of wind.
Power generation systems that have been commonly used is an AC voltage generator engines, where the main mover can type turbine engines, diesel engines or propeller engines. In the operation of power plants with a generator, because the reliability factors and fluctuations in the load, provided two or more generators are operated with constant duty, reserve and turns to these generators.
Provision of a single generator for continuous operation is a risky thing, except when rotating with the source of PLN or UPS equipment.
To meet the increased electrical load generators are operated in parallel between the generator or generators in parallel with other sources of supply for example greater than PLN.
Thus it is also necessary electrical load divider means to prevent any source of electricity generators working primarily parallel experience more burden precedes the other
Generator Operating In Parallel
Electricity supply to the load begins to turn a generator, then gradually added weight to the ability of the generator, then turn on again the next generator and generator memparalelkan the first to bear the burden even greater. When the second generator paralleled with the first generator is expected to bear the burden of sharing the burden borne by the generator which had been the first, resulting in ease of cooperation before the next burdens included.
How big is the load distribution incurred by each generator, which works in parallel will depend on the amount of input fuel and combustion air for diesel engines, when the main diesel engine drive or if the engines driving the other depending on the number (debit) of water into water turbines , the number (enthalpy) of steam / gas to the turbine steam / gas or air flow to the engine propeller.
Number of input fuel / air, water vapor / gas or air flow is controlled by the equipment or the governor-driven valve which receives signals from the change in electrical frequency is stable at 50Hz,
which is equivalent to changing rotation (rpm) engine electric generator prime mover. When electrical load increase the frequency will decrease, so that governors must increase the input (fuel / air, water, steam / gas or air flow) to the main drive engine to increase its frequency until the frequency returned to normal electricity. Conversely if the load down, governor machines should reduce the input power the fuel / air, water, water vapor / gas or air flow to the engines that drive spins down to its normal cycle or frequency returned to normal at 50 Hz. If there is no governor the machine prime mover overspeed generator will experience a sudden fall when the load or will experience electrical overload when the load increases.
Principle Tool Generator Load Dividers
Governor operate on machines that drive generators to produce output currents can be adjusted from 0% to 100% capacity. So the input to the engine output drive current is proportional to the generator or in other words the governor setting to 0% to 100% proportional to the flow generator with a 0% to 100% in voltage and constant frequency.
Governor hydraulic work / mechanical, while the input signal from the output of the electrical current generator, so that this input should be changed to using elektric mechanical actuators to move the electric motors that produce mechanical motion required by the governor.
In some generators that operate in parallel, as previously identified voltage, frequency, and sequence phasa different phasanya, changes in electrical load will not be felt by each generator in the amount of voltage and frequency for the load is still below the total capacity of the parallel, so that the voltage and frequency is not used as a signal source for the governor.
Was used for the current output of each signal generator as a source of burden sharing parallel system such generators.
When paralleled generators burden sharing has not balanced / proportional to the ability of each generator. Load generator tool distributor is attached to each generator output circuit, and each distributor load devices are connected in parallel with the next one with a cable to add signal output current of each generator and the summing signal flow capacity of each generator.
Generator output current detected by means of dividing the load will be the governor’s position clue how%, or currents through what% of generator capacity. Results for the sum of the currents detected by means of dividing the load by the number of current generators the ability to operate in parallel multiplied by 100 (%) is the governor’s position value to be achieved by each prime mover engine that produces output currents proprosional and in accordance with their capabilities each generator.
If the size of the generator as the amount of current detected by each instrument load divider is divided by the number of generator load current that must be produced by a generator after governornya modified by the electric actuator that receives signals from the instrument as soon as the quota burden paralleled generators.
Technical Installation
In practice the load divider tool fitted with the help of generator components such as the following: current transformer, voltage transformer (as the power supply), electric actuators, speed control potentiometer and switches help. See pengkabelannya diagram in Figure 1.
1. Current transformer transducer functions as a generator output current to flow for the appropriate signal to the load generator tool distributor (usually a maximum of 5 A or 100% = maximum generator capacity)
2. Voltage transformer serves as a resource for the load divider tool, generally with a voltage 110 V AC, 50 Hz; assisted adapter for DC voltage.
3. Electric actuators are devices that receive signals from the load distributor means so as to move the DC motors in the governor until the generator output current reaches the expected.
4. Speed control potentiometer is a primary tool to regulate the frequency and voltage when the generator will be parallel or in the process of synchronization. Voltage is generally set by the AVR, so that the voltage fluctuation is only influenced by the mover engine rotational speed. After the generator is operated paralelkan or already in sync with what has been in operation and closed MCCB generator, speed control potentiometer function was taken over by means of dividing the load generator. To more accurately setting the synchronization speed in the process manually, there is usually a potentiometer and the potentiometer regulating regulator smooth rough.
5. In the automatic control system pemaralelan generators can be made by SPM (pemaralel generator module) by regulating voltage and frequency output of the generator, and then match the voltage and frequency with which the system is working automatically, after the match to give closure to the MCCB signal generator so that the join in parallel operation . To match the voltage and frequency can be seen in one panel is used with synchronous for some generators where each generator has a switch panel as well synchronized his SPM.
In Figure 2 indicated the use of a generator load divider in a control system of power generators, machine controls and management burden activator. (File power generation control).
f. The switches help to divide the load generator tool serves as a manual distribution process (release & capture) load by a generator which operates in parallel systems. For example, * the switch 1 is closed to minimize the diesel fuel that is released .* burden to switch into 3 covered in class speed (rated speed) which means taking the load from the generator to the electrical load lightened.
After the generators operate in parallel, generators with a load divider always responded actively raising any action or decrease in electrical load, so that each generator bear the burden with the same percentage measured by the ability of each
Conclusion
1. Load generator tool distributor is a uniform automated equipment operations in the governor power to raise or lower the engine or generator power according to load changes, and very necessary if you have more than two generators with different characteristics that operate in parallel.
2. By means of dividing the load generators, each generator has a usage factor (divided by the maximum load capacity of the generator) the same and small, which means good.
3. Load changes due to income or expenditure of the parallel system generator generators will be felt equally by each generator in the system they will, without overload or overspeed.
4. Load generator tool distributors can only be applied to the engine generator-set that has the governor and could be developed for control systems such further control by a distributed control system (DCS)
When a fire broke out at room temperature increases. It is very compact and low cost fire alarm senses fire based on this fact.
BC177 transistor (Q1) is used as a sensor fire here. As the temperature increases transistor leakage current is also increased. This circuit is designed so that when there is increased leakage currents Q1, transistor Q2 will be biased. As a result there is a fire escape when the transistor Q2 will be in. The emitter of Q2 (BC 108) is connected to the base Q3 (AC 128). Thus, when Q2 is ON Q3 will also be ON. Q3 relay drive transistors used to drive the load ie, lights, bells, horns, etc. as an indication of the fire. Diode D1 is used as a diode to encourage free to protect her from the back EMF generated when the relay is activated.
Note.
* The preset R1 can be used for the desired temperature level to set the alarm ON.
* This is not an alarm attached, ie: when the temperature around the sensor decreases below the set point the alarm stops.
* The circuit can be supported by using 9V battery or 9V battery eliminator.
* All electrolytic capacitors and must be given a minimum value of 10V.
* Load can be connected through C, NC, NO points of the relay according to your needs.
* The calibration can be done by using soldering iron, and thermo-meter. Switch ON the power soldering iron tip supply.Keep near Q1. The same time keep the thermometer close to it. When the temperature reaches the desired value to adjust R1 so that you will relay ON
Parts:
P1____________500R Linear Potentiometer
P2_____________10K Log. Potentiometer
R1,R2___________2K2 1/2W Resistors
R3____________330R 1/4W Resistor
R4____________150R 1/4W Resistor
R5______________1R 5W Resistor
C1___________3300µF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor (see Notes)
C2______________1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor
D1,D2________1N5402 200V 3A Diodes
D3_____________5mm. Red LED
Q1____________BC182 50V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2____________BD139 80V 1.5A NPN Transistor
Q3____________BC212 50V 100mA PNP Transistor
Q4 __________2N3055 60V 15A NPN Transistor
T1_____________220V Primary, 36V Center-tapped Secondary
50VA Mains transformer (see Notes)
PL1____________Male Mains plug
SW1____________SPST Mains switch
Device purpose:
A Variable DC Power Supply is one of the most useful tools on the electronics hobbyist’s workbench. This circuit is not an absolute novelty, but it is simple, reliable, “rugged” and short-proof, featuring variable voltage up to 24V and variable current limiting up to 2A. Well suited to supply the circuits shown in this website. You can adapt it to your own requirements as explained in the notes below.
Notes:
* P1 sets the maximum output current you want to be delivered by the power supply at a given output voltage.
* P2 sets the output voltage and must be a logarithmic taper type, in order to obtain a more linear scale voltage indication.
* You can choose the Transformer on the grounds of maximum voltage and current output needed. Best choices are: 36, 40 or 48V center-tapped and 50, 75, 80 or 100VA.
* Capacitor C1 can be 2200 to 6800µF, 35 to 50V.
* Q4 must be mounted on a good heatsink in order to withstand sustained output short-circuit. In some cases the rear panel of the metal box in which you will enclose the circuit can do the job.
* The 2N3055 transistor (Q4) can be replaced with the slightly less powerful TIP3055 type.
electronic devices in general is divided into 2 parts, components
active and passive components.
Passive components include:
1. Resistor
Resistor or resistance is also called an object that can conduct electricity, but the current is difficult to flow. as in a series of aircraft electronics:
* The flow of electricity
* Dividing the voltage
* Zoom out and zoom in voltage
* Parallel distributor
* Low vibration generator
* For loadbearing
2. Inductor
Inductor is a coil of litz wire windings on a core and packaged like resistors or capacitors and resistors is known as reading, namely reading the color code.
Types of inductors on a color TV using wire windings transformer email is playback, IF transformer, switching transformer, line filter, Yoke.
3.Kapasitor
Capacitor or condenser is also called component that can store energy in a certain time without chemical reaction. Capacitor there are two types, namely ignition and non-polar polar.
So passive components generally divided into three parts. namely: resistor, inductor, capacitor.
Active components include:
1. Diode.
There are many types of diodes in the market, but on TV rectifier diodes are generally used, made from
silicon and germanium, LED, and the zener diode.
2.Transistor.
Transistor consists of 2 types, namely PNP and NPN.
3.IC (integrated circuit)
IC is divided into 2 types too, which is monolithic and hybrid
